All CSR calibration substrates include the Open standard on the substrate itself, providing a more accurate calibration when compared to simply lifting the probes for Open. Since our probe systems are used in the laser-trimming process, the typical accuracy is better than 0.1% for all Load standards. Also, the resistance of the Load standard remains stable within 0.3% of the ideal value (50 Ω), over a temperature range from 10 to 430 K.

Finally, the design of the Line standard is optimized, resulting in accuracy of the characteristic impedance within 1.0% of the ideal value (50 Ω) for frequencies up to 110 GHz and beyond. For these reasons, the CSR family guarantees the best calibration, and thus the most accurate measurements.