Focus Microwaves - Noise Parameter Characterization Test Software
Noise measurements allow the determination of the four Noise Parameters of a device (transistor). There are four Noise Parameters which fully describe the noise behaviour of an active or passive device at a given frequency.
The Noise Parameters are not load depended, they are only affected by Source Impedance. There exist a simple relation between the four Noise Parameters:
NF calculation formula is the following:
- NFLinear = NFMinLinear + ((4 * Rn / Zo) * (Gs – GammaOpt).Mag2 ) / ((1 + GammaOpt).Mag2 * (1 – Gs.Mag2));
This is the equation of a set of isometric circles on the Smith Chart (Noise Circles) for which the value of the Noise Figure is the Level on each circle. This Circle Representation is only possible because the Noise behaviour of transistors is a Small Signal Phenomenon.
Where:
- NFminLinear is the minimum noise figure in linear.
- Rn is the equivalent noise resistance in Ohms
- Gs is the gamma presented to the DUT at the input (in our case by the tuner).
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GammaOpt is the optimum gamma (ie: gamma source for which the DUT produces the minimum noise figure).
- Note: Mag2 denotes the magnitude squared.
Hardware
Noise Measurement System
Model |
Frequency |
Insertion Loss |
VSWR |
Min. Gain |
Max. VSWR |
Connector |
| NMS-2600 | up to 26.5 GHz | 0.80 dB | 1.61 | 29 for 0.8-26.5GH | 1.8:1 | 3.5mm |
| NMS-4000 | up to 40 GHz | 0.91 dB | 1.81 | 30 for ≤26.5GH | 2.1:1 | 2.9mm |
| NMS-5000 | up to 50 GHz | 0.99 dB | 1.8:1 | 27 for ≤26.5G | 2:1 | 2.4mm |
| NMS-6700 | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.91 | 29 for ≤26.5G | 3:1 | 1.85mm |
| NMS-6700-DC* | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.9:1 | 29 for ≤26.5G | 3:1 | 1.85 mm |
| NMS-75500-DC* | 50 to 75 GHz | 0.4dB | 1.2:1** | 40 for 50-75GHz | 1.6:1** | WR-15 |
| NMS-90600-DC* | 60 to 90 GHz | 0.9dB | 1.3:1** | 35 for 60-90GHz | 1.8:1** | WR-12 |
| NMS-110750-DC* | 75 to 110 GHz | 1.1dB | 1.3:1** | 36 for 75-110GHz | 1.9:1** | WR-10 |
| NMS-1701100-DC | 110 to 170 GHz | 1.3dB | 1.4:1** | 36 for 110-170GHz | 2:1** | WR-6.5 |
* with Downconverter
**+/-10%
Graphs
Noise Parameters
Noise Circles & Stability Regions
Noise Parameters: Minimum Noise Figure / Rn / Gamma Opt / Phase of Gamma Opt
Typical Noise Setup
More Product Information
Reproduces transient voltage surge phenomena generated in a vehicle and evaluates the immune resistibility of DUT against the surge. The output waveforms are five as high-repeating pulse, giant pulse, field decay pulse, trapezoidal waveform + high-repeating pulse and high repeating pulse + giant pulse.
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Low running costs, less vibration, less noise, reduced maintenance
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Large convenient experimental access: Up to 12 line-of-sight ISO100 ports located on perimeter of plates
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CMN calibrated thermometry on MC plate
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Operation via touch panel controller: Remote operation via ethernet interface
- All Digital IF technology
- 10.1” WVGA (1024 x 600) Display
- Frequency range from 9 KHz up to 3.2 GHz
- -161 dBm/Hz Displayed Average Noise Level (Typ)
- -98 dBc/Hz @ 10 khz Offset Phase Noise (Typ)
- Total Amplitude Accuracy < 0.7 dB
- 1 Hz Minimum Resolution Bandwidth (RBW)
- Comes with Preamplifier
Brandywine’s RFS-700D is a miniaturized Rubidium Frequency Reference in a compact ruggedized package designed for mounting on a DIN rail system. The RFS-700D is capable of outputting 7x 10MHz frequency reference with low phase noise.
The low frequency tuners are a unique product technology using MPT algorithms for low frequency wideband tuning. Three or more cascaded tuning sections use series transmission cables and parallel rotary capacitors.
The length of the cables and number of tuning sections are optimized for maximum tuning range over a given bandwidth. HLFT tuners use 6 tuning sections allowing second harmonic frequency tuning.
Focus provides the deepest portfolio of wideband fundamental and harmonic passive tuners. Passive impedance tuners generate controllable reflection factor (Impedance) across the smith chart over a given frequency range. Focus uses two basic technologies:
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From 100MHz to 120GHz we use the slide screw technique in which a reflective probe is inserted into a low loss slotted transmission line.
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For frequencies from 10MHz to 170MHz we use a lumped element technology, whereby variable capacitors are connected with optimized lengths of coaxial cable. To view our Low Frequency Tuners, Click Here!
Most Focus Passive Tuners use long lasting RF probes which are designed for optimal tuning accuracy and are free of spurious resonances. The combination of multiple probes provide ultra wideband coverage in one single tuner. All Focus Passive Tuners are LAN controlled and include on-board impedance synthesis firmware.
For more information on Passive Tuners, visit our youtube channel!
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Highly stable granite base
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Independent, coarse movement of X and Y axes, combined with easy fine adjustments
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Re-configurable for DC, RF, mmW, FA, WLR and more
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Full thermal range of -60°C to +300°C
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Low-profile, straightforward design
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Spacious top chambers for up to 12 positioners
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Reduces electrical noise by providing a fully electromagnetically shielded, ultra-low-noise, light-tight environment
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Enables accurate low-noise measurements of atto amperes, femtofarads and microvolts at temperatures down to -60°C
See more Key Features on Specifications & Details tab
An impedance tuner is an apparatus, which generates controllable reflection factor (Impedance) over a certain frequency range. Focus uses two basic technologies:
a) For frequencies from 100MHz to 110GHz (and above) we use the slide screw technique (models Multi Harmonic MPT, wideband (fundamental) CCMT, harmonic rejection PHT), in which a reflective probe (slug) is inserted into the slot of a low loss slotted transmission line (slabline or waveguide).
b) For frequencies from below 10MHz to 170MHz we use a lumped element technology (models LFT), whereby variable capacitors are connected with optimized lengths of coaxial cable.
Image optimization features:
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Auto gain (manual gain control: 0 to 22 dB)
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Auto exposure (manual exposure control: 100 µs to 1 s, 1 µs increments)
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Binning (horizontal and vertical) (sum)
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Decimation X/Y
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Enhanced Defect Pixel Correction (DPC)
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Fixed Pattern Noise Correction (FPNC)
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Gamma correction
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Three look-up tables (LUTs)
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Region of interest (ROI)
Camera control features:
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EF lens control (order option -18)
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Event channel
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Image chunk data
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IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP)
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RS232
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Storable user sets
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StreamBytesPerSecond (bandwidth control)
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Stream hold
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Sync out modes: Trigger ready, input, exposing, readout, imaging, strobe, GPO
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Temperature monitoring (main board and sensor board)
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Trigger over Ethernet (ToE) Action Commands
Focus Microwaves
Focus Microwaves is a pioneering engineering company, built around the innovations of its founder Dr. Christos Tsironis who developed his first manual tuner in 1973 and is the inventor of most existing electro-mechanical tuner families. The success of Focus is based on the engineering and manufacturing skills of its highly motivated and experienced team of engineers and technicians, who have been trained and encouraged to develop new technologies. In addition, listening to our customers needs and insights helps us discover and develop new and measurement methods on an ongoing basis, relentlessly pushing the limits of what is possible.
From humble beginnings in 1988, Focus has become the main supplier of advanced Load Pull and Noise Tuner Systems. Our mission is to provide effective, reliable and innovative solutions for non-50 Ohm testing (Noise and Load Pull) of RF microwave transistors, thus enabling our customers to compete in the marketplace with better designs and to advance the understanding and knowledge of the field.
Contact Details
Focus Microwaves Inc. Main Head Office
4555 Chem. du Bois-Franc, Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1A8, Canada
Phone: +1-514-684-4554
Test & Measurement
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