Focus Microwaves - Noise Parameter Characterization Test Software
Noise measurements allow the determination of the four Noise Parameters of a device (transistor). There are four Noise Parameters which fully describe the noise behaviour of an active or passive device at a given frequency.
The Noise Parameters are not load depended, they are only affected by Source Impedance. There exist a simple relation between the four Noise Parameters:
NF calculation formula is the following:
- NFLinear = NFMinLinear + ((4 * Rn / Zo) * (Gs – GammaOpt).Mag2 ) / ((1 + GammaOpt).Mag2 * (1 – Gs.Mag2));
This is the equation of a set of isometric circles on the Smith Chart (Noise Circles) for which the value of the Noise Figure is the Level on each circle. This Circle Representation is only possible because the Noise behaviour of transistors is a Small Signal Phenomenon.
Where:
- NFminLinear is the minimum noise figure in linear.
- Rn is the equivalent noise resistance in Ohms
- Gs is the gamma presented to the DUT at the input (in our case by the tuner).
-
GammaOpt is the optimum gamma (ie: gamma source for which the DUT produces the minimum noise figure).
- Note: Mag2 denotes the magnitude squared.
Hardware
Noise Measurement System
Model |
Frequency |
Insertion Loss |
VSWR |
Min. Gain |
Max. VSWR |
Connector |
| NMS-2600 | up to 26.5 GHz | 0.80 dB | 1.61 | 29 for 0.8-26.5GH | 1.8:1 | 3.5mm |
| NMS-4000 | up to 40 GHz | 0.91 dB | 1.81 | 30 for ≤26.5GH | 2.1:1 | 2.9mm |
| NMS-5000 | up to 50 GHz | 0.99 dB | 1.8:1 | 27 for ≤26.5G | 2:1 | 2.4mm |
| NMS-6700 | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.91 | 29 for ≤26.5G | 3:1 | 1.85mm |
| NMS-6700-DC* | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.9:1 | 29 for ≤26.5G | 3:1 | 1.85 mm |
| NMS-75500-DC* | 50 to 75 GHz | 0.4dB | 1.2:1** | 40 for 50-75GHz | 1.6:1** | WR-15 |
| NMS-90600-DC* | 60 to 90 GHz | 0.9dB | 1.3:1** | 35 for 60-90GHz | 1.8:1** | WR-12 |
| NMS-110750-DC* | 75 to 110 GHz | 1.1dB | 1.3:1** | 36 for 75-110GHz | 1.9:1** | WR-10 |
| NMS-1701100-DC | 110 to 170 GHz | 1.3dB | 1.4:1** | 36 for 110-170GHz | 2:1** | WR-6.5 |
* with Downconverter
**+/-10%
Graphs
Noise Parameters
Noise Circles & Stability Regions
Noise Parameters: Minimum Noise Figure / Rn / Gamma Opt / Phase of Gamma Opt
Typical Noise Setup
More Product Information
-
Supports the latest 5G FR1 and IEEE 802.11ax standards
-
up to 1GHz active load pull bandwidth capability
-
Test the latest high bandwidth and high modulation cellular standards such as 1024QAM 802.11ax
-
This system can be used in all parts of the design cycle
-
-
Initial device characterisation
-
MMIC or PA design
-
Design verification testing
-
Product testing in the factory
-
-
-
3 Measurement States; Quiescent (OFF-State), Non Quiescent (ON-State), and Pre-State
-
-
The Pre State is a short high voltage state used to activate
the traps in the semiconductor.
-
-
-
Adjustable delay (Δt) between the Pre state and Non Quiescent state down to 0s.
-
Independently adjustable timing settings for the Three-state gate pulser and drain pulser
-
Easy Integration into existing mainframes
An impedance tuner is an apparatus, which generates controllable reflection factor (Impedance) over a certain frequency range. Focus uses two basic technologies:
a) For frequencies from 100MHz to 110GHz (and above) we use the slide screw technique (models Multi Harmonic MPT, wideband (fundamental) CCMT, harmonic rejection PHT), in which a reflective probe (slug) is inserted into the slot of a low loss slotted transmission line (slabline or waveguide).
b) For frequencies from below 10MHz to 170MHz we use a lumped element technology (models LFT), whereby variable capacitors are connected with optimized lengths of coaxial cable.
-
APS-H optical format CMOS sensor
-
PoCXP
-
4-DIN type connector
-
79.7 fps at full resolution
-
Extended near-infrared (X-2620B NIR) model
-
Extended feature set with Sequencer Control and Multiple Region of Interest selection to support advanced imaging applications
-
On-board Defect Pixel and 2D Fixed Pattern Noise Correction for improved image quality
-
Simplified firmware update in the field via interface cables using GenICam File Access
-
Robust, fan-less design for industrial imaging applications
-
Heat-dissipation optimized housing to reduce image noise
-
Build-in tripod adapter and multiple mounting holes for eased system integration
-
DIN 1.0/2.3 CoaXPress connectors for secure operation in industrial environments
-
Single cable solution using Trigger and Power over CoaXPress
-
Comprehensive I/O functionality for extended control of connected system components
-
Select between B 270 ASG protection glass and filter types: IRC30 IR cut filter or Schneider 486 IR cut filter
-
Low noise
-
Excellent line/load regulation
-
Coarse and fine voltage controls
-
Constant voltage or constant current operation with automatic crossover and mode indication
-
Individual On/Off switch per output (not including fixed output)
-
Variable 1.5 -5V output on triple output model
-
Switchable remote sense
-
High SNR mode (up to 24 dB better signal-to-noise ratio)
-
Low-noise binning mode
-
Shading correction
-
Defect pixel correction
-
Area of interest (AOI), separate AOI for auto features
-
Binning
-
Decimation
-
Auto gain (manual gain control: 0 to 24.4 dB)
-
Auto exposure (25 µs to 67 s)
-
Auto white balance
-
Look-up table (LUT)
-
Hue, saturation
-
Color correction
-
Local color anti-aliasing
-
Reverse X/Y
-
Deferred image transport
-
Trigger programmable, level, single, bulk, programmable delay
-
Sequence mode (changes the camera settings on the fly)
-
SIS (secure image signature, time stamp for trigger, frame count etc.)
-
Storable user sets
Scope of delivery
-
Camera and IEEE 1394b cable (other configurations on request)
-
Full C-band tunability
-
Smooth, linear scans
-
Narrow linewidth, low noise
-
Wavelength calibration in seconds
-
Integrated wavelength and power monitors
-
External triggering
-
2 optical detectors and data acquisition channels
-
Industry leading wavelength accuracy and resolution
-
5 MHz or 10 MHz Outputs Available
-
Reference Frequency Input Option
-
Auto Changeover with Ref. Input Option
-
Low Phase Noise Outputs
-
Twenty four Outputs
-
Front Panel Status Indicators
-
Fault Discrete Inputs
-
Compact 1U, 19” rack mount
Thin plate broadband antenna has been developed for efficient immunity testing against hand-held transmitters and cellular phones. Many pieces of spot frequency antennas had to be used in turn thus fur. This new Thin-plate Broadband Antenna is a single antenna solution eliminating the need for antenna changes and dramatically reducing the test time. Furthermore, this antenna with its small-size and lightweight properties and a flexible handle is suitable for testing in narrow spaces.
-
A wide frequency range eliminating the need for antenna changes
-
30W maximum power input allows high filed strengths
-
High efficiency due to a low VSWR and high gain
-
Suitable for broadband digital modulation thanks to a good VSWR flatness
-
Small, light-weight and flat antenna easy to use in narrow spaces
-
Easy handling with a flexible arm
-
A wide radiation pattern makes directivity of the fields no longer an issue
Focus Microwaves
Focus Microwaves is a pioneering engineering company, built around the innovations of its founder Dr. Christos Tsironis who developed his first manual tuner in 1973 and is the inventor of most existing electro-mechanical tuner families. The success of Focus is based on the engineering and manufacturing skills of its highly motivated and experienced team of engineers and technicians, who have been trained and encouraged to develop new technologies. In addition, listening to our customers needs and insights helps us discover and develop new and measurement methods on an ongoing basis, relentlessly pushing the limits of what is possible.
From humble beginnings in 1988, Focus has become the main supplier of advanced Load Pull and Noise Tuner Systems. Our mission is to provide effective, reliable and innovative solutions for non-50 Ohm testing (Noise and Load Pull) of RF microwave transistors, thus enabling our customers to compete in the marketplace with better designs and to advance the understanding and knowledge of the field.
Contact Details
Focus Microwaves Inc. Main Head Office
4555 Chem. du Bois-Franc, Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1A8, Canada
Phone: +1-514-684-4554
Test & Measurement
Download Line Card
Document
