Focus Microwaves - Noise Modules
Noise measurements allow the determination of the four Noise Parameters of a device (transistor). Focus’ Noise Modules integrate well with various third party noise receivers.
Noise Parameters: These are four numbers that fully describe the noise behaviour of an active or passive device (twoport) at a given frequency. For practical reasons we use the following quantities as Noise Parameters:
Focus’ noise parameter extraction routines leverage the PNA-X’s unique implementation
of the cold-source noise figure measurement technique. This specific technique requires a noise source to determine the kBG (gain-bandwidth constant) of the system and a passive mechanical tuner is used to characterize the noise receiver across both the impedance and frequency space. This step is imperative to obtain fully vector-source-corrected measurements.
of the cold-source noise figure measurement technique. This specific technique requires a noise source to determine the kBG (gain-bandwidth constant) of the system and a passive mechanical tuner is used to characterize the noise receiver across both the impedance and frequency space. This step is imperative to obtain fully vector-source-corrected measurements.
A RF down conversion stage might be required if the frequency of noise measured exceeds the receiver’s bandwidth. Focus offers noise modules which support down conversion for optimal speed and performance.
Hardware
Noise Measurement System
| Model | Frequency | Insertion Loss | VSWR | Min. Gain | Max. VSWR | Connector |
| NMS-2600 | up to 26.5 GHz | 0.80 dB | 1.61 | 29 for 0.8-26.5GHz | 1.8:1 | 3.5mm |
| NMS-4000 | up to 40 GHz | 0.91 dB | 1.81 | 30 for ≤26.5GHz, 29 for 26-40GHz | 2.1:1 | 2.9mm |
| NMS-5000 | up to 50 GHz | 0.99 dB | 1.8:1 |
27 for ≤26.5GHz, 27 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz |
2:1 | 2.4mm |
| NMS-6700 | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.91 |
29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 21 for 50-65GHz |
3:1 | 1.85mm |
| NMS-6700-DC* | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.9:1 |
29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 37 for 50-65GHz |
3:1 | 1.85 mm |
| NMS-75500-DC* | 50 to 75 GHz | 0.4dB | 1.2:1** | 40 for 50-75GHz | 1.6:1** | WR-15 |
| NMS-90600-DC* | 60 to 90 GHz | 0.9dB | 1.3:1** | 35 for 60-90GHz | 1.8:1** | WR-12 |
| NMS-110750-DC* | 75 to 110 GHz | 1.1dB | 1.3:1** | 36 for 75-110GHz | 1.9:1** | WR-10 |
| NMS-1701100-DC* | 110 to 170 GHz | 1.3dB | 1.4:1** | 36 for 110-170GHz | 2:1** | WR-6.5 |
* with Downconverter
** +/-10%
Graphs
Noise Parameters
Noise Circles & Stability Regions
Noise Parameters: Minimum Noise Figure / Rn / Gamma Opt / Phase of Gamma Opt
Setup
More Product Information
Image optimization features:
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Auto gain (manual gain control: 0 to 22 dB)
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Auto exposure (manual exposure control: 100 µs to 1 s, 1 µs increments)
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Binning (horizontal and vertical) (sum)
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Decimation X/Y
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Enhanced Defect Pixel Correction (DPC)
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Fixed Pattern Noise Correction (FPNC)
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Gamma correction
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Three look-up tables (LUTs)
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Region of interest (ROI)
Camera control features:
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EF lens control (order option -18)
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Event channel
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Image chunk data
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IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP)
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RS232
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Storable user sets
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StreamBytesPerSecond (bandwidth control)
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Stream hold
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Sync out modes: Trigger ready, input, exposing, readout, imaging, strobe, GPO
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Temperature monitoring (main board and sensor board)
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Trigger over Ethernet (ToE) Action Commands
- High performance GPS disciplined Time/Frequency standard
- Ethernet Interface for management and control
- Network Time Protocol (NTP)
- Multiple 1PPS outputs with individual delay compensation
- Multiple Low Phase Noise 10MHz outputs with software programmable level
- Time Code outputs including Have Quick, IRIG A, IRIG B, IRIG E, IRIG G
- Sync to GPS or to Have Quick/1PPS per ICD-GPS-060
- Choice of internal disciplined OCXO or Rubidium Oscillator
Noise measurements allow the determination of the four Noise Parameters of a device (transistor). There are four Noise Parameters which fully describe the noise behaviour of an active or passive device at a given frequency.
Bias tees with a perfect balance of RF performance and DC power handling
Auriga’s Bias Tees balance impressive RF performance with heavy-duty power handling across multiple frequency bands ranging from 100 MHz to 67 GHz. They are designed for rigorous usage without sacrificing RF performance. Only the highest-quality materials are used to minimize signal loss and enable efficient heat removal.
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High SNR mode (up to 24 dB better signal-to-noise ratio)
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Low-Noise Binning Mode
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Smear reduction
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Shading correction
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Area of interest (AOI), separate AOI for auto features
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Binning
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Decimation
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Auto gain (manual gain control: 0 to 32 dB)
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Auto exposure (39 µs to 67 s)
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Auto white balance
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Look-up table (LUT)
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Hue, saturation, color correction
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Reverse X
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Deferred image transport
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Trigger programmable, level, single, bulk, programmable delay
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Sequence mode (changes the camera settings on the fly)
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SIS (secure image signature, time stamp for trigger, frame count)
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Storable user sets
- Allan deviation σ(τ) = 2.7×10-11 T-1/2 for long life version and σ(τ) = 8.5×10-12 T-1/2 for high performance version
- Front or Rear access connectors
- 3U high (133mm / 5.24”) — less than 200mm depth, compatible with ETSI and 19” standards
- Accuracy better than ±1×10-12 / ±5×10-13 for high performance version
- 10 MHz low noise direct output
- Programmable 1 / 5 / 10 MHz TTL output
- 10 years warranty on cesium tube (3 years for high performance version)
- Redundant DC power supply inputs
- Remote control and monitoring via RS232 (fully manageable locally and remotely using SyncView Plus management system.
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Low running costs, less vibration, less noise, reduced maintenance
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Large convenient experimental access: Up to 12 line-of-sight ISO100 ports located on perimeter of plates
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CMN calibrated thermometry on MC plate
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Operation via touch panel controller: Remote operation via ethernet interface
- Choice of 4 GHz or 6 GHz bandwidth models
- Up to 5 Vpk-pk dynamic range with low noise
- ±3 V offset range
- Low loading and high impedance for minimal signal disturbance
- Ideal for DDR2, DDR3, LPDDR2
- Deluxe soft carrying case
- Innovative QuickLink architecture
- Wide variety of tips and leads
- Solder-In Lead
- Optional Positioner (Browser) Tip
- Quick Connect Lead
- Square Pin Lead
- HiTemp Solder-In Lead
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High-quality construction with low-noise electrical performance
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Kelvin version for convenient 4-point measurements
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Replaceable coaxial probe tips, with choice of tip radii, and full electrical guard to the probe tip
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SSMC 50 connectors
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Ultra-low, fA and fF measurements from -65 º C to 150 º C
Focus Microwaves
Focus Microwaves is a pioneering engineering company, built around the innovations of its founder Dr. Christos Tsironis who developed his first manual tuner in 1973 and is the inventor of most existing electro-mechanical tuner families. The success of Focus is based on the engineering and manufacturing skills of its highly motivated and experienced team of engineers and technicians, who have been trained and encouraged to develop new technologies. In addition, listening to our customers needs and insights helps us discover and develop new and measurement methods on an ongoing basis, relentlessly pushing the limits of what is possible.
From humble beginnings in 1988, Focus has become the main supplier of advanced Load Pull and Noise Tuner Systems. Our mission is to provide effective, reliable and innovative solutions for non-50 Ohm testing (Noise and Load Pull) of RF microwave transistors, thus enabling our customers to compete in the marketplace with better designs and to advance the understanding and knowledge of the field.
Contact Details
Focus Microwaves Inc. Main Head Office
4555 Chem. du Bois-Franc, Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1A8, Canada
Phone: +1-514-684-4554
Test & Measurement
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