Focus Microwaves - Noise Modules
Noise measurements allow the determination of the four Noise Parameters of a device (transistor). Focus’ Noise Modules integrate well with various third party noise receivers.
Noise Parameters: These are four numbers that fully describe the noise behaviour of an active or passive device (twoport) at a given frequency. For practical reasons we use the following quantities as Noise Parameters:
Focus’ noise parameter extraction routines leverage the PNA-X’s unique implementation
of the cold-source noise figure measurement technique. This specific technique requires a noise source to determine the kBG (gain-bandwidth constant) of the system and a passive mechanical tuner is used to characterize the noise receiver across both the impedance and frequency space. This step is imperative to obtain fully vector-source-corrected measurements.
of the cold-source noise figure measurement technique. This specific technique requires a noise source to determine the kBG (gain-bandwidth constant) of the system and a passive mechanical tuner is used to characterize the noise receiver across both the impedance and frequency space. This step is imperative to obtain fully vector-source-corrected measurements.
A RF down conversion stage might be required if the frequency of noise measured exceeds the receiver’s bandwidth. Focus offers noise modules which support down conversion for optimal speed and performance.
Hardware
Noise Measurement System
| Model | Frequency | Insertion Loss | VSWR | Min. Gain | Max. VSWR | Connector |
| NMS-2600 | up to 26.5 GHz | 0.80 dB | 1.61 | 29 for 0.8-26.5GHz | 1.8:1 | 3.5mm |
| NMS-4000 | up to 40 GHz | 0.91 dB | 1.81 | 30 for ≤26.5GHz, 29 for 26-40GHz | 2.1:1 | 2.9mm |
| NMS-5000 | up to 50 GHz | 0.99 dB | 1.8:1 |
27 for ≤26.5GHz, 27 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz |
2:1 | 2.4mm |
| NMS-6700 | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.91 |
29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 21 for 50-65GHz |
3:1 | 1.85mm |
| NMS-6700-DC* | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.9:1 |
29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 37 for 50-65GHz |
3:1 | 1.85 mm |
| NMS-75500-DC* | 50 to 75 GHz | 0.4dB | 1.2:1** | 40 for 50-75GHz | 1.6:1** | WR-15 |
| NMS-90600-DC* | 60 to 90 GHz | 0.9dB | 1.3:1** | 35 for 60-90GHz | 1.8:1** | WR-12 |
| NMS-110750-DC* | 75 to 110 GHz | 1.1dB | 1.3:1** | 36 for 75-110GHz | 1.9:1** | WR-10 |
| NMS-1701100-DC* | 110 to 170 GHz | 1.3dB | 1.4:1** | 36 for 110-170GHz | 2:1** | WR-6.5 |
* with Downconverter
** +/-10%
Graphs
Noise Parameters
Noise Circles & Stability Regions
Noise Parameters: Minimum Noise Figure / Rn / Gamma Opt / Phase of Gamma Opt
Setup
More Product Information
Comprehensive, Turn-key Integrated Measurement System (IMS) with Keysight A-LFNA for On-wafer R&D Advanced Low-Frequency Noise Measurements
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3 Measurement States; Quiescent (OFF-State), Non Quiescent (ON-State), and Pre-State
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The Pre State is a short high voltage state used to activate
the traps in the semiconductor.
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Adjustable delay (Δt) between the Pre state and Non Quiescent state down to 0s.
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Independently adjustable timing settings for the Three-state gate pulser and drain pulser
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Easy Integration into existing mainframes
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Defect pixel correction (on/off)
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Fixed pattern noise correction (on/off)
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Region of interest (ROI)
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Gain (manual control, 0 to 20 dB)
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Exposure (manual control, 44.2 µs to 1.4 s)
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Gamma correction
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Reverse X
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DeviceLinkThroughputLimit (easy bandwidth control)
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Sync out modes: Waiting for a trigger, exposing, readout, imaging
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Storable user sets
- Vector Network Analyzer Frequency Range from 10 MHz up to 3.2 GHz
- Spectrum Analyzer Frequency Range from 9 kHz up to 3.2 GHz
- -156 dBm/Hz Displayed Average Noise Level (Typ.)
- -98 dBc/Hz @10 kHz Offset Phase Noise (1 GHz, Typ.)
- Total Amplitude Accuracy < 1.2 dB
- 1 Hz Minimum Resolution Bandwidth (RBW)
- All-Digital IF Technology
- Standard Preamplifier
- Distance to fault capability using VNA time domain analysis
- Up to 1.5 GHz Tracking Generator Kit
- Built-in Advanced Measurement capability (CHP, ACPR, OBW, CNR, TOI, etc)
- 10.1 lnch WVGA (1024 x 600) Display
- SOSA Aligned
- 3U VPX Form-Factor
- Reduced SWaP applications
- Ruggedization Level 200
- 11 Radial Clock Outputs OpenVPX Backplane support for 1000BASE-KX or 10GBASE-KR
- Optional Chip Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC) Holdover
- Optional Low Phase Noise (LPN) Analog output
- Optional secure GPS (M-code)
- Optional Timecode I/O
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Coaxial and triaxial measurements up to 10,000 V
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High-quality construction with low-noise electrical performance
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Replaceable probe tips in a variety of tip sizes
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Temperature range of -60°C to 300°C
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Triaxial measurement ensures a much better understanding of device leakage in the off state
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Highly reliable, stable and repeatable measurements
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Integrally designed as part of a complete measurement solution
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Low noise GigE Vision InGaAs SWIR camera
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VGA resolution
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Power over Ethernet (PoE+)
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large pixel with high dynamic
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Strong sensor cooling, no condensation
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Very strong sensor cooling for low-noise imaging with long exposure times
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GigE Vision interface with PoE+
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Comprehensive I/O control options
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Automated on-board image correction
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Extended operating temperature range
An impedance tuner is an apparatus, which generates controllable reflection factor (Impedance) over a certain frequency range. Focus uses two basic technologies:
a) For frequencies from 100MHz to 110GHz (and above) we use the slide screw technique (models Multi Harmonic MPT, wideband (fundamental) CCMT, harmonic rejection PHT), in which a reflective probe (slug) is inserted into the slot of a low loss slotted transmission line (slabline or waveguide).
b) For frequencies from below 10MHz to 170MHz we use a lumped element technology (models LFT), whereby variable capacitors are connected with optimized lengths of coaxial cable.
- High Power Density: Up to 15 kW in 3U, 30 kW in a 6U chassis
- Wide Voltage Range: 0-10V up to 0-1000V, from 4 to 30 kW
- Fast Load Transient Response: Protection from undesired voltage excursions
- Low Ripple and Noise
- Intuitive Touch Screen Display
- Parallelable up to 150 kW
- Sequencing: Free system controller & speed up test
- Low audible noise: Temperature controlled variable speed fans
Focus Microwaves
Focus Microwaves is a pioneering engineering company, built around the innovations of its founder Dr. Christos Tsironis who developed his first manual tuner in 1973 and is the inventor of most existing electro-mechanical tuner families. The success of Focus is based on the engineering and manufacturing skills of its highly motivated and experienced team of engineers and technicians, who have been trained and encouraged to develop new technologies. In addition, listening to our customers needs and insights helps us discover and develop new and measurement methods on an ongoing basis, relentlessly pushing the limits of what is possible.
From humble beginnings in 1988, Focus has become the main supplier of advanced Load Pull and Noise Tuner Systems. Our mission is to provide effective, reliable and innovative solutions for non-50 Ohm testing (Noise and Load Pull) of RF microwave transistors, thus enabling our customers to compete in the marketplace with better designs and to advance the understanding and knowledge of the field.
Contact Details
Focus Microwaves Inc. Main Head Office
4555 Chem. du Bois-Franc, Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1A8, Canada
Phone: +1-514-684-4554
Test & Measurement
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