Focus Microwaves - Cardiff Behavioral Model Software
Non-linear measurement data is often used to create a behavioral model for high frequency components. Formulations of these models have been defined in terms of traveling waves, with a desire to represent nonlinear behavior of high frequency transistors through a direct extension from linear s-parameters.
The Mesuro model portfolio is comprised of two variations of a behavioral model – each targeted at a particular end use – Cardiff Model Lite (CML), where the desired output is a local model, and Cardiff Model+ (CM+), which incorporates higher order mixing terms allowing a single model to fit over a range of impedance space.
The Cardiff Model+ formulation has a number of unique benefits over alternative approaches where formulations are truncated. Once the formulation is extended, the model moves away from a local model, where multiple models are required to define an impedance space (i.e load lookup), to a model that has a set of coefficients that describes the behavior of a device over an entire impedance space. This dramatically reduces file size and also allows any interpolation to be defined by the model itself rather than relying upon the interpolation algorithm in the simulator. Also, as harmonic superposition is not assumed in the CM+ formulation, a full harmonic mixing model is uncovered describing harmonic interactions and improving model accuracy particularly for complex modes of operation.
Strategy
EDA Example
EDA example using CM+
The Cardiff Model portfolio is fully supported in all major EDS tools including Keysight Advanced Design System and AWR Microwave office. These models are ideal for release to customers. They are accurate and as they are black box no reverse engineering of the underlying technology is possible.
Setup
Typical Cardiff Model Setup
Comparative Data
Document
More Product Information
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High power capability: +/- 200V, 17A.
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Minimum pulse width: 200ns.
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Modular design which enables multiple configurations.
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Shared library. The MPIV can be used as a standalone instrument using an ActiveX library, which easily integrates into existing test software.
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Flexible Input/Output. Choose between high power and high precision pulse modules to create a customized setup for your specific application.
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Compatible with Focus Microwaves’ device characterization software (Load Pull Explorer, LPEx)
The low frequency tuners are a unique product technology using MPT algorithms for low frequency wideband tuning. Three or more cascaded tuning sections use series transmission cables and parallel rotary capacitors.
The length of the cables and number of tuning sections are optimized for maximum tuning range over a given bandwidth. HLFT tuners use 6 tuning sections allowing second harmonic frequency tuning.
Focus’ modular microstrip, high power and ultra low loss coaxial RF Test Fixtures are designed mainly for load pull testing of packaged transistors. All Focus test fixtures come with TRL calibration standards and support most transistor packages sized from less than 0.1″ and up to 1″.
- Focus tunable liquid lens included
- Large working distance range
- Fast focus within milliseconds
- Large image circle
Focus recommends TRL Calibration Kits for applications such as load pull & noise parameters. Due to high reflection and low loss, tuner S-parameter measurements represent a challenge for VNA’s, because of error term determination and coupler directivity. Long experience has taught us not to rely on other calibration techniques than TRL (Thru-Reflect-Line). The popular SOLT technique is conditionally useable, but not guaranteed, up to 4GHz. The much convenient ECal method has provided questionable and inconsistent results. Our Customers are advised to be very careful with VNA calibrations, because the whole measured data depends on that.
Because of this, and to save our customers time and doubt, Focus has developed and offers a set of precise and reliable TRL calibration kits from 0.03 to 110 GHz with the following connector types: 7/16, N, APC-7, 3.5mm, 2.9mm, 2.4mm, 1.85mm, WR-15, WR-10. Our calibration kits are compatible with all commercial network analyzers.
For more information on TRL Calibration Kits, please read the following paper on TRL Versus SOLT
Bias tees with a perfect balance of RF performance and DC power handling
Auriga’s Bias Tees balance impressive RF performance with heavy-duty power handling across multiple frequency bands ranging from 100 MHz to 67 GHz. They are designed for rigorous usage without sacrificing RF performance. Only the highest-quality materials are used to minimize signal loss and enable efficient heat removal.
An impedance tuner is an apparatus, which generates controllable reflection factor (Impedance) over a certain frequency range. Focus uses two basic technologies:
a) For frequencies from 100MHz to 110GHz (and above) we use the slide screw technique (models Multi Harmonic MPT, wideband (fundamental) CCMT, harmonic rejection PHT), in which a reflective probe (slug) is inserted into the slot of a low loss slotted transmission line (slabline or waveguide).
b) For frequencies from below 10MHz to 170MHz we use a lumped element technology (models LFT), whereby variable capacitors are connected with optimized lengths of coaxial cable.
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High spatial resolution
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IEEE 1588 PTP
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Power over Ethernet
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Defect pixel masking
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Monochrome (GT6400) and color (GT6400C) models
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Screw mount RJ45 Ethernet connector for secure operation in industrial environments
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Supports cable lengths up to 100 meters (CAT-6 recommended)
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Trigger over Ethernet Action Commands allow for a single cable solution to reduce system costs
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Comprehensive I/O functionality for simplified system integration
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Planarity adjusted (PA) EF Lens Mount (option -18) for electronic control of aperture and autofocus
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Easy camera mounting via standard M3 threads at all sides and 1/4-20 tripod mounting hole
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Defect pixel masking feature with the Defect Mask Loader tool that allows you to manage a user defined defective pixel list to match your application and optimize the life cycle of the camera.
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Easy software integration with Allied Vision's Vimba Suite and compatibility to the most popular third party image-processing libraries.
Noise measurements allow the determination of the four Noise Parameters of a device (transistor). There are four Noise Parameters which fully describe the noise behaviour of an active or passive device at a given frequency.
Focus Microwaves
Focus Microwaves is a pioneering engineering company, built around the innovations of its founder Dr. Christos Tsironis who developed his first manual tuner in 1973 and is the inventor of most existing electro-mechanical tuner families. The success of Focus is based on the engineering and manufacturing skills of its highly motivated and experienced team of engineers and technicians, who have been trained and encouraged to develop new technologies. In addition, listening to our customers needs and insights helps us discover and develop new and measurement methods on an ongoing basis, relentlessly pushing the limits of what is possible.
From humble beginnings in 1988, Focus has become the main supplier of advanced Load Pull and Noise Tuner Systems. Our mission is to provide effective, reliable and innovative solutions for non-50 Ohm testing (Noise and Load Pull) of RF microwave transistors, thus enabling our customers to compete in the marketplace with better designs and to advance the understanding and knowledge of the field.
Contact Details
Focus Microwaves Inc. Main Head Office
4555 Chem. du Bois-Franc, Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1A8, Canada
Phone: +1-514-684-4554
Test & Measurement
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