Focus Microwaves - Cardiff Behavioral Model Software
Non-linear measurement data is often used to create a behavioral model for high frequency components. Formulations of these models have been defined in terms of traveling waves, with a desire to represent nonlinear behavior of high frequency transistors through a direct extension from linear s-parameters.
The Mesuro model portfolio is comprised of two variations of a behavioral model – each targeted at a particular end use – Cardiff Model Lite (CML), where the desired output is a local model, and Cardiff Model+ (CM+), which incorporates higher order mixing terms allowing a single model to fit over a range of impedance space.
The Cardiff Model+ formulation has a number of unique benefits over alternative approaches where formulations are truncated. Once the formulation is extended, the model moves away from a local model, where multiple models are required to define an impedance space (i.e load lookup), to a model that has a set of coefficients that describes the behavior of a device over an entire impedance space. This dramatically reduces file size and also allows any interpolation to be defined by the model itself rather than relying upon the interpolation algorithm in the simulator. Also, as harmonic superposition is not assumed in the CM+ formulation, a full harmonic mixing model is uncovered describing harmonic interactions and improving model accuracy particularly for complex modes of operation.
Strategy
EDA Example
EDA example using CM+
The Cardiff Model portfolio is fully supported in all major EDS tools including Keysight Advanced Design System and AWR Microwave office. These models are ideal for release to customers. They are accurate and as they are black box no reverse engineering of the underlying technology is possible.
Setup
Typical Cardiff Model Setup
Comparative Data
Document
More Product Information
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Versatile temperature range for extreme environments
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IEEE 1588 PTP
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Power over Ethernet
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EF lens control
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Monochrome (GT1930L) and color (GT1930LC) models
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GigE Vision interface with Power over Ethernet
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Screw mount RJ45 Ethernet connector for secure operation in industrial environments
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Supports cable lengths up to 100 meters (CAT-6 recommended)
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The Sony IMX174 Exmor is a high sensitivity CMOS sensor
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Trigger over Ethernet Action Commands allow for a single cable solution to reduce system costs
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Comprehensive I/O functionality for simplified system integration
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Planarity adjustable (PA) EF Lens Mount for electronic control of aperture and autofocus
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Easy camera mounting via standard M3 threads at all sides and 1/4-20 tripod mounting hole
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Easy software integration with Allied Vision's Vimba Suite and compatibility to the most popular third party image-processing libraries.
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High spatial resolution
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IEEE 1588 PTP
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Power over Ethernet
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Defect pixel masking
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Monochrome (GT4400) and color (GT4400C) models
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Screw mount RJ45 Ethernet connector for secure operation in industrial environments
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Supports cable lengths up to 100 meters (CAT-5e or CAT-6)
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Trigger over Ethernet Action Commands allow for a single cable solution to reduce system costs
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Comprehensive I/O functionality for simplified system integration
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Planarity adjusted (PA) EF Lens Mount (option -18) for electronic control of aperture and autofocus
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Easy camera mounting via standard M3 threads at all sides and 1/4-20 tripod mounting hole
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Defect pixel masking feature with the Defect Mask Loader tool that allows you to manage a user defined defective pixel list to match your application and optimize the life cycle of the camera.
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Easy software integration with Allied Vision's Vimba Suite and compatibility to the most popular third party image-processing libraries.
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Type APS-H CMOS sensor
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IEEE 1588 PTP
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Power over Ethernet
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4.59 fps at full resolution
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Extended near-infrared (GT5120NIR) model
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GigE Vision interface with Power over Ethernet
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Screw mount RJ45 Ethernet connector for secure operation in industrial environments
-
Supports cable lengths up to 100 meters (CAT-6 recommended)
-
Trigger over Ethernet Action Commands allow for a single cable solution to reduce system costs
-
Comprehensive I/O functionality for simplified system integration
-
Planarity adjusted (PA) EF Lens Mount (option -18) for electronic control of aperture and autofocus
-
Easy camera mounting via standard M3 threads at all sides and 1/4-20 tripod mounting hole
-
Easy software integration with Allied Vision's Vimba Suite and compatibility to the most popular third party image-processing libraries.
-
Enhanced Defect Pixel Correction feature with a new Defective Pixel List Manager tool that allows you to load different user defined defective pixel lists to match your application and optimize the life cycle of the camera
An impedance tuner is an apparatus, which generates controllable reflection factor (Impedance) over a certain frequency range. Focus uses two basic technologies:
a) For frequencies from 100MHz to 110GHz (and above) we use the slide screw technique (models Multi Harmonic MPT, wideband (fundamental) CCMT, harmonic rejection PHT), in which a reflective probe (slug) is inserted into the slot of a low loss slotted transmission line (slabline or waveguide).
b) For frequencies from below 10MHz to 170MHz we use a lumped element technology (models LFT), whereby variable capacitors are connected with optimized lengths of coaxial cable.
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Supports the latest 5G FR1 and IEEE 802.11ax standards
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up to 1GHz active load pull bandwidth capability
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Test the latest high bandwidth and high modulation cellular standards such as 1024QAM 802.11ax
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This system can be used in all parts of the design cycle
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Initial device characterisation
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MMIC or PA design
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Design verification testing
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Product testing in the factory
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Introducing Auriga’s 5th generation pulsed IV/RF characterization system delivers unparalleled performance, capturing measurements with incredible speed and accuracy. Pulsed IV (current-voltage) measurements have emerged as the preferred method of capturing current-voltage characteristics of active devices such as field effect (FETs) and bipolar junction (BJTs) transistors. With the growing popularity of higher-power devices, like GaN HEMTs, LDMOS, SiC, and graphene, current and voltage requirements are constantly being pushed higher and higher.
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Type APS-H CMOS sensor
-
IEEE 1588 PTP
-
Power over Ethernet
-
4.59 fps at full resolution
-
Extended near-infrared (GT5120NIR) model
-
GigE Vision interface with Power over Ethernet
-
Screw mount RJ45 Ethernet connector for secure operation in industrial environments
-
Supports cable lengths up to 100 meters (CAT-6 recommended)
-
Trigger over Ethernet Action Commands allow for a single cable solution to reduce system costs
-
Comprehensive I/O functionality for simplified system integration
-
Planarity adjusted (PA) EF Lens Mount (option -18) for electronic control of aperture and autofocus
-
Easy camera mounting via standard M3 threads at all sides and 1/4-20 tripod mounting hole
-
Easy software integration with Allied Vision's Vimba Suite and compatibility to the most popular third party image-processing libraries.
-
Enhanced Defect Pixel Correction feature with a new Defective Pixel List Manager tool that allows you to load different user defined defective pixel lists to match your application and optimize the life cycle of the camera
Non-linear measurement data is often used to create a behavioral model for high frequency components. Formulations of these models have been defined in terms of traveling waves, with a desire to represent nonlinear behavior of high frequency transistors through a direct extension from linear s-parameters.
The Mesuro model portfolio is comprised of two variations of a behavioral model – each targeted at a particular end use – Cardiff Model Lite (CML), where the desired output is a local model, and Cardiff Model+ (CM+), which incorporates higher order mixing terms allowing a single model to fit over a range of impedance space.
-
High spatial resolution
-
IEEE 1588 PTP
-
Power over Ethernet
-
Defect pixel masking
-
Monochrome (GT6400) and color (GT6400C) models
-
Screw mount RJ45 Ethernet connector for secure operation in industrial environments
-
Supports cable lengths up to 100 meters (CAT-6 recommended)
-
Trigger over Ethernet Action Commands allow for a single cable solution to reduce system costs
-
Comprehensive I/O functionality for simplified system integration
-
Planarity adjusted (PA) EF Lens Mount (option -18) for electronic control of aperture and autofocus
-
Easy camera mounting via standard M3 threads at all sides and 1/4-20 tripod mounting hole
-
Defect pixel masking feature with the Defect Mask Loader tool that allows you to manage a user defined defective pixel list to match your application and optimize the life cycle of the camera.
-
Easy software integration with Allied Vision's Vimba Suite and compatibility to the most popular third party image-processing libraries.
Focus Microwaves
Focus Microwaves is a pioneering engineering company, built around the innovations of its founder Dr. Christos Tsironis who developed his first manual tuner in 1973 and is the inventor of most existing electro-mechanical tuner families. The success of Focus is based on the engineering and manufacturing skills of its highly motivated and experienced team of engineers and technicians, who have been trained and encouraged to develop new technologies. In addition, listening to our customers needs and insights helps us discover and develop new and measurement methods on an ongoing basis, relentlessly pushing the limits of what is possible.
From humble beginnings in 1988, Focus has become the main supplier of advanced Load Pull and Noise Tuner Systems. Our mission is to provide effective, reliable and innovative solutions for non-50 Ohm testing (Noise and Load Pull) of RF microwave transistors, thus enabling our customers to compete in the marketplace with better designs and to advance the understanding and knowledge of the field.
Contact Details
Focus Microwaves Inc. Main Head Office
4555 Chem. du Bois-Franc, Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1A8, Canada
Phone: +1-514-684-4554
Test & Measurement
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